Another large-scale study conducted by William Spelman and Dale Brown and published in 1984 was also to challenge a core police assumption of that period – that improvement in rapid response to calls for service would lead to improvements in crime fighting. This study was developed in good part because of the findings of a prior investigation in Kansas City that found little support for the crime control effectiveness of rapid response to calls for service (Kansas City Police Department 1977). With support from the National Institute of Justice, Spelman and Brown investigated 4000 victims, witnesses, and bystanders in some 3300 serious crimes in four American cities. This was another major study in terms of the resources brought to bear and the methods used. Again it examined a strategy that was aided by technological advances in the twentieth century and that was central dogma of police administrators – that police must get to the scene of a crime quickly if they are to apprehend criminal offenders.
根據以上內容，用英文回答以下問題：
在 Spelman and Brown 的研究之前，哪個城市警察局做過類似研究？
