Like identical twins, Maureen and Jessica have many similarities 6 . Their faces and builds are the same, and they wear their short, dark hair in styles similar to each other. But physicality is where the similarities 7 . In terms of their academic interests and abilities, Maureen and Jessica are very different from one another. While Maureen likes math and science classes, Jessica excels at literature and arts classes. Instead of watching TV or wasting her spare time, Maureen likes to conduct scientific experiments or work on complicated math problems. Like her sister, Jessica also 8 busy during her spare time; 9 , she would much rather read novels, write poetry, or paint. Instead of presenting the twins with problems and conflicts, their differences seem to have brought them closer together. Many people wonder if the twins are always in 10 about their interests and ideas; on the contrary, they enjoy learning about each others' interests. Maureen and Jessica's relationship suggests that people's differences can bring them closer together instead of separating them.
Starbucks serves over 25 million customers a week in 15,000 stores in 44 countries around the world. 11 So how did a company currently worth $5 billion get started?
Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice, as it was originally known, roasted its first coffee beans in 1971. This tiny coffee house in Seattle, named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, was the vision of three men—Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowker—who cared passionately about fine coffee and tea. 12 A decade later, their fourth store in Seattle opened.
Meanwhile, in New York, Howard Schultz, a businessman specializing in kitchen equipment, noticed that a small company in Seattle was ordering a large number of a special type of coffeemaker. 13 As soon as he saw the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be a part of it. The three founding members weren't initially very eager, but a persistent Schultz was eventually hired to be the head of Starbucks marketing in 1982. 14 Within the next ten years, Schultz had already opened 150 new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 15 .
A
These are just a few of the many specialty coffees on offer at Starbucks.
B
But global success comes at a price.
C
And this figure is increasing rapidly.
D
Many people feel that big corporations, even responsible ones, are never a good thing
Starbucks serves over 25 million customers a week in 15,000 stores in 44 countries around the world. 11 So how did a company currently worth $5 billion get started?
Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice, as it was originally known, roasted its first coffee beans in 1971. This tiny coffee house in Seattle, named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, was the vision of three men—Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowker—who cared passionately about fine coffee and tea. 12 A decade later, their fourth store in Seattle opened.
Meanwhile, in New York, Howard Schultz, a businessman specializing in kitchen equipment, noticed that a small company in Seattle was ordering a large number of a special type of coffeemaker. 13 As soon as he saw the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be a part of it. The three founding members weren't initially very eager, but a persistent Schultz was eventually hired to be the head of Starbucks marketing in 1982. 14 Within the next ten years, Schultz had already opened 150 new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 15 .
A
Facing competition from lower-priced coffee offered by McDonald’s, Starbucks recently closed about 2 stores in New York.
B
But global success comes at a price
C
There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
D
Their determination to provide the best quality coffee helped their business to succeed.
Starbucks serves over 25 million customers a week in 15,000 stores in 44 countries around the world. 11 So how did a company currently worth $5 billion get started?
Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice, as it was originally known, roasted its first coffee beans in 1971. This tiny coffee house in Seattle, named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, was the vision of three men—Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowker—who cared passionately about fine coffee and tea. 12 A decade later, their fourth store in Seattle opened.
Meanwhile, in New York, Howard Schultz, a businessman specializing in kitchen equipment, noticed that a small company in Seattle was ordering a large number of a special type of coffeemaker. 13 As soon as he saw the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be a part of it. The three founding members weren't initially very eager, but a persistent Schultz was eventually hired to be the head of Starbucks marketing in 1982. 14 Within the next ten years, Schultz had already opened 150 new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 15 .
A
He modeled the Starbucks stores on Italian espresso bars and made them comfortable places to relax.
B
He determined to provide the best quality coffee to help their business to succeed.
C
He made the cross-country trip to Seattle out of curiosity to find out more.
D
He faced competition from Starbucks and wanted to defeat it.
Starbucks serves over 25 million customers a week in 15,000 stores in 44 countries around the world. 11 So how did a company currently worth $5 billion get started?
Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice, as it was originally known, roasted its first coffee beans in 1971. This tiny coffee house in Seattle, named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, was the vision of three men—Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowker—who cared passionately about fine coffee and tea. 12 A decade later, their fourth store in Seattle opened.
Meanwhile, in New York, Howard Schultz, a businessman specializing in kitchen equipment, noticed that a small company in Seattle was ordering a large number of a special type of coffeemaker. 13 As soon as he saw the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be a part of it. The three founding members weren't initially very eager, but a persistent Schultz was eventually hired to be the head of Starbucks marketing in 1982. 14 Within the next ten years, Schultz had already opened 150 new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 15 .
A
He modeled the Starbucks stores on Italian espresso bars and made them comfortable places to relax.
B
He felt that big corporations are never a good thing, so he gave up global business.
C
He fired their partners and sold the company as a revenge.
Starbucks serves over 25 million customers a week in 15,000 stores in 44 countries around the world. 11 So how did a company currently worth $5 billion get started?
Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice, as it was originally known, roasted its first coffee beans in 1971. This tiny coffee house in Seattle, named after a character in the novel Moby Dick, was the vision of three men—Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowker—who cared passionately about fine coffee and tea. 12 A decade later, their fourth store in Seattle opened.
Meanwhile, in New York, Howard Schultz, a businessman specializing in kitchen equipment, noticed that a small company in Seattle was ordering a large number of a special type of coffeemaker. 13 As soon as he saw the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be a part of it. The three founding members weren't initially very eager, but a persistent Schultz was eventually hired to be the head of Starbucks marketing in 1982. 14 Within the next ten years, Schultz had already opened 150 new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 15 .
A
However, Starbucks’s continued success last for a short period of time.
B
Starbucks has become the recent target of antiglobalization protests.
C
Today Starbucks is one of the world’s most recognized brands.
D
Starbucks recently closed about 600 stores in the U.S.
As the concept of human rights is based on fairness, the exposure of so many people in poor countries to hazardous industrial processes and toxic wastes violates their rights. This is the view of many experts. In 1994, a group of experts met in Geneva to compose a more general document: “Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.” It proclaims, among other things, a universal human right to a “secure, healthy, ecologically sound environment.”
But many economists give priority to economic growth because it leads to generally higher salaries and more spending power for average individuals. Market exchanges generally promote economic growth, except where public goods are concerned. In those cases, economists use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to identify new rules of market exchange that maximize growth.
We note problems with this approach. Economic growth does not improve human welfare if it merely reflects higher prices and longer working hours stemming from the increasing scarcity of essential items, such as land to grow crops. When governments use CBA, they give equal consideration to each dollar rather than to each person. This goes against the ideal of equal government concern for all citizens. Also, CBA discounts the lives of future generation, as if people living later have few human rights than those living now.
CBAs put all variables in dollar terms so that optimal policies can be identified mathematically. Shadow prices are assigned to whatever is not traded in markets, including human lives. Economists estimate how much people value their lives in monetary terms from how much they spend on life insurance and medical care, as well as how much extra pay they demand for dangerous work. Also, when people are killed in accidents caused by negligence, jury awards suggest common estimates of a life’s monetary worth. The problem is that on such measures an average human life in a poor country is worth much less money than an American, European, or Japanese life. This denies an equal human right to life.
Which of the following is a suitable title for this passage?
A
How Much Money Is a Human Life Worth?
B
Human Rights and the Environment
C
Human Rights vs. CBA
D
How to Use CBA 47 Which of the following is the focus of 1994 document composed by experts in
As the concept of human rights is based on fairness, the exposure of so many people in poor countries to hazardous industrial processes and toxic wastes violates their rights. This is the view of many experts. In 1994, a group of experts met in Geneva to compose a more general document: “Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.” It proclaims, among other things, a universal human right to a “secure, healthy, ecologically sound environment.”
But many economists give priority to economic growth because it leads to generally higher salaries and more spending power for average individuals. Market exchanges generally promote economic growth, except where public goods are concerned. In those cases, economists use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to identify new rules of market exchange that maximize growth.
We note problems with this approach. Economic growth does not improve human welfare if it merely reflects higher prices and longer working hours stemming from the increasing scarcity of essential items, such as land to grow crops. When governments use CBA, they give equal consideration to each dollar rather than to each person. This goes against the ideal of equal government concern for all citizens. Also, CBA discounts the lives of future generation, as if people living later have few human rights than those living now.
CBAs put all variables in dollar terms so that optimal policies can be identified mathematically. Shadow prices are assigned to whatever is not traded in markets, including human lives. Economists estimate how much people value their lives in monetary terms from how much they spend on life insurance and medical care, as well as how much extra pay they demand for dangerous work. Also, when people are killed in accidents caused by negligence, jury awards suggest common estimates of a life’s monetary worth. The problem is that on such measures an average human life in a poor country is worth much less money than an American, European, or Japanese life. This denies an equal human right to life.
Which of the following is the focus of 1994 document composed by experts in Geneva?
As the concept of human rights is based on fairness, the exposure of so many people in poor countries to hazardous industrial processes and toxic wastes violates their rights. This is the view of many experts. In 1994, a group of experts met in Geneva to compose a more general document: “Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.” It proclaims, among other things, a universal human right to a “secure, healthy, ecologically sound environment.”
But many economists give priority to economic growth because it leads to generally higher salaries and more spending power for average individuals. Market exchanges generally promote economic growth, except where public goods are concerned. In those cases, economists use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to identify new rules of market exchange that maximize growth.
We note problems with this approach. Economic growth does not improve human welfare if it merely reflects higher prices and longer working hours stemming from the increasing scarcity of essential items, such as land to grow crops. When governments use CBA, they give equal consideration to each dollar rather than to each person. This goes against the ideal of equal government concern for all citizens. Also, CBA discounts the lives of future generation, as if people living later have few human rights than those living now.
CBAs put all variables in dollar terms so that optimal policies can be identified mathematically. Shadow prices are assigned to whatever is not traded in markets, including human lives. Economists estimate how much people value their lives in monetary terms from how much they spend on life insurance and medical care, as well as how much extra pay they demand for dangerous work. Also, when people are killed in accidents caused by negligence, jury awards suggest common estimates of a life’s monetary worth. The problem is that on such measures an average human life in a poor country is worth much less money than an American, European, or Japanese life. This denies an equal human right to life.
According to the passage, what might be the problem of using CBA to estimate a life’s monetary worth?
A
It will call attention to the valuable lives of future generation.
B
It fails to reflect the higher prices of certain valuables.
As the concept of human rights is based on fairness, the exposure of so many people in poor countries to hazardous industrial processes and toxic wastes violates their rights. This is the view of many experts. In 1994, a group of experts met in Geneva to compose a more general document: “Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.” It proclaims, among other things, a universal human right to a “secure, healthy, ecologically sound environment.”
But many economists give priority to economic growth because it leads to generally higher salaries and more spending power for average individuals. Market exchanges generally promote economic growth, except where public goods are concerned. In those cases, economists use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to identify new rules of market exchange that maximize growth.
We note problems with this approach. Economic growth does not improve human welfare if it merely reflects higher prices and longer working hours stemming from the increasing scarcity of essential items, such as land to grow crops. When governments use CBA, they give equal consideration to each dollar rather than to each person. This goes against the ideal of equal government concern for all citizens. Also, CBA discounts the lives of future generation, as if people living later have few human rights than those living now.
CBAs put all variables in dollar terms so that optimal policies can be identified mathematically. Shadow prices are assigned to whatever is not traded in markets, including human lives. Economists estimate how much people value their lives in monetary terms from how much they spend on life insurance and medical care, as well as how much extra pay they demand for dangerous work. Also, when people are killed in accidents caused by negligence, jury awards suggest common estimates of a life’s monetary worth. The problem is that on such measures an average human life in a poor country is worth much less money than an American, European, or Japanese life. This denies an equal human right to life.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is an argument for the benefit of economic growth?
A
Economic growth leads to higher salaries and more spending power for average Americans.
B
Human welfare will be improved independent of economic growth.
C
Government will give equal concern to all citizens.
D
People in poor countries will be given equal human rights.
